In the 1960s, Richard and Lynette Paglinawan became trained social workers. Engaged by Liliʻuokalani Trust to help Hawaiian children and their families, they were ill prepared to deal with culturally Hawaiian-based problems: Richard with a case on anai and Lynette with a case on moe ‘uhane. Under mentorship with a knowledgeable Hawaiian elder, Mary Kawena Pukuʻi, they learned to differentiate between Hawaiian culture concept problems which require Hawaiian solutions and those of historical cultural trauma where Western training is used. Both learned about the concepts and also the solution using hoʻoponopono. The Paglinawans are also trained to be haku hoʻoponopono.